#Function of retina in human eye full

There are approximately 90 million rod cells in the human retina. Rods are the more abundant cell-type of the retina and reach their maximum density approximately 15 to 20 degrees from the fovea, a small depression in the retina of the eye where visual acuity is highest. Rods are the cells primarily responsible for scotopic vision, or low-light vision. The vitreous humor consists of 99 percent water and is contained in a thin hyaloid membrane.The retina is comprised of two types of photoreceptor cells: rods and cones. The space between the retina and lens is filled up by a transparent gelatinous mass called the vitreous humor. The refracted light is focused onto the retina, the innermost layer of the eye, which transforms light into nerve signals that are then transmitted by the optical nerve to the brain. Elongated fiber cells are the predominant component of the lens while the anterior side is lined with epithelial cells. Light is refracted by the lens, a transparent disc suspended by ciliary muscle fibers. The size of the pupil affects the amount of light that enters the eye. The iris consists of a pigmented fibrovascular layer that allows for the contraction or dilation of the pupil, as well as a layer of pigmented epithelial cells. Light enters the eye via the pupil, which is an opening surrounded by the iris. Its main function is to provide nutrients to the cells of the eye. Underneath the corneoscleral coat lies the choroid, a layer containing blood and lymphatic vessels. The front of the cornea is covered with a non-keratinized stratified corneal epithelium. The anterior portion includes a translucent surface called the cornea, while the rest is made up of sclera, a white-colored fibrous layer to which the outer eye muscles are attached. The eye globe is enveloped in a fibrous corneoscleral layer. The eyes are responsible for the detection of light and its transformation to neuronal signals which are then sent to the visual centers of the brain. Immunohistochemical staining of human eye using an antibody toward KRT12 shows strong positivity in corneal epithelium. This protein may be involved in the maintenance of the normal function and structural integrity of the corneal epithelium.įigure 3. Keratin 12 ( KRT12) is a protein expressed in the corneal epithelium, which covers the front part of the eye (Figure 3). Immunohistochemical staining of human eye using an antibody toward OPTC shows strong positivity in the vitreous of the eye. OPTC may bind collagen fibrils and play an important role in their structural organization.įigure 2. COL9A2 and COL9A3 each encode one of the three alpha chains of type IX collagen. Our analysis shows that several genes encode proteins expressed in the hyaloid membrane: namely, collagen type IX alpha 2 chain ( COL9A2) and collagen type IX alpha 3 chain COL9A3, which are also expressed in hyaline cartilage, and opticin ( OPTC). The space between the retina and lens is filled by a transparent gelatinous mass called the vitreous humour, which is encapsulated in a hyaloid membrane consisting of collagen. Immunohistochemical staining of human eye using an antibody toward CRYBB2 shows strong positivity in lens. Mutation in this gene is associated with congenital cataract.įigure 1. An example of a crystallin is crystallin beta B2 ( CRYBB2) (Figure 1). They maintain the transparency and refractive index of the lens. Crystallins are extremely stable, water-soluble proteins located in the cytoplasm of lens fiber cells. The mammalian lens consists predominantly of crystallin proteins, which are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families. Strong staining was observed in vitreous of the eye. Strong positivity was observed in the lens. Remaining parts of the eye were negative. Lengsin, lens protein with glutamine synthetase domain

Strong cytoplasmic positivity was observed in the corneal epithelial cells.

Strong staining was observed in the lens. Strong positivity was observed in lens in eye. Staining in the hyaloid membrane surrounding the vitreous humour. Moderate cytoplasmic positivity was observed in lens. Following 29 genes have been analyzed in eye. For information about gene and protein expression in the retina, please visit the The retina proteome.

#Function of retina in human eye full

Table 1 includes the full list of genes that have been analyzed so far. Protein expression of selected genes with literature indicating function related to different structures in the eye, excluding retina, were analyzed by using the whole section of the eye. Eyes are responsible for the detection of light and its subsequent conversion of visual stimuli to neuronal signals that are transported to the visual centers of the brain.